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Gaius Julius Caesar () was a prominent name of the ''gens Iulia'' since Roman Republican times, borne by a number of figures, but most notably by the general and dictator Julius Caesar. ==Julius Caesar's name== The name ''Caesar'' probably originated from a dialect of Latium which did not share the rhotacism of the Roman dialect.〔L.R. Palmer, ''The Latin language'' (Bristol 1954), p. 69.〕 (That is, the ''s'' between vowels did not change to ''r''.) Using the Latin alphabet as it existed in the day of Julius Caesar (100 BC – 44 BC) (i.e., without lower case letters, "J", or "U"), Caesar's name is properly rendered GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR (the spelling CAIVS is also attested and is interchangeable with the more common GAIVS; however the letter C was used with its antique pronunciation of (), as it was an adaptation of Greek ''gamma''). It is often seen abbreviated to C. IVLIVS CAESAR. (The letterform Æ is a ligature, which is often encountered in Latin inscriptions, where it was used to save space, and is nothing more than the letters "ae".) The leading vowels in each part of the name are long, and in Classical Latin, the whole name was pronounced (:ˈɡaːjus ˈjuːljus ˈkajsar), or, alternatively, with ''praenomen'' pronounced trisyllabically as (:ˈɡaːius). In Greek, during Caesar's time, his name was written ''Καίσαρ,'' which was pronounced more or less the same. Roman nomenclature is somewhat different from the modern English form. ''Gaius'', ''Iulius'', and ''Caesar'' are Caesar's praenomen, nomen, and cognomen, respectively. In modern usage, his full name might be something like "Gaius Iulius, the Caesar", where 'Caesar' denoted him as a member of the 'Caesarian' family branch of the 'Iulian' clan, and 'Gaius' was his personal name. Though contemporary writers sometimes referred to him as "Gaius Caesar," the name's historical usage was not the same as it is in the 21st century. His grand-nephew, Gaius Octavius, duly took the full name "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus" upon his posthumous adoption in 44 BC, and the name became fused with the imperial dignity; in this sense it is preserved in the German and Bulgarian words ''Kaiser'' and ''Tsar'' (sometimes spelled ''Czar''), both of which refer to an emperor. Compare the Hungarian, Slavic and Turkish words for "king", forms of ''kral'', all adapted from ''Karl'', the personal name of Charlemagne. The name of the dictator Julius Caesar—Latin script: ''CAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR''—was often extended by the official filiation ''Gai filius'' ("son of Gaius"), rendered as ''Gaius Iulius Gai filius Caesar''. A longer version can also be found, however rarely: ''Gaius Iulius Gai(i) filius Gai(i) nepos Caesar'' ("Gaius Julius Caesar, son of Gaius, grandson of Gaius").〔The occurrence of the double ''i'', as e.g. in ''Iulii'' or ''Gaii'', was customary for Latin writings after the end of the Republic. The single ''i'' (''Iuli'', ''Gai'' etc.) is Republican Latin.〕 Caesar often spoke of himself only as ''Caius Caesar'',〔''Caius'' is the old-Latin variant of ''Gaius'' (see also below).〕 omitting the ''nomen gentile Iulius''.〔Plutarchus, ''Caesar'' (46 ); Suetonius, ''Divus Iulius'' (30 )〕 After his senatorial consecration as Divus Iulius in 42 BC, the ''dictator perpetuo'' bore the posthumous name ''Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Divus'' (IMP•C•IVLIVS•CAESAR•DIVVS, best translated as "Commander () God Gaius Julius Caesar"), which is mostly given as his official historical name.〔Augustus would eventually follow the use of ''Imperator'' as a praenomen. For Caesar's precedent see Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, ''Divus Iulius'' (76 ): since ''Imperator'' here is a true praenomen, a translation ("commander") should—if at all—only be given for explanatory purposes. The same would apply for ''Divus'' ("god"), which derived from Caesar's god name ''Divus Iulius'' (at the latest since early 44 BC), and is therefore (as part of his name) ''per se'' untranslatable.〕 Suetonius also speaks of the additional cognomen ''Pater Patriae'',〔Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, ''Divus Iulius'' (76 ); the neuter variant ''Parens Patriae'' is also known from a statue of Caesar in Rome.〕 which would render Caesar's complete name as ''Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Pater Patriae Divus''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gaius Iulius Caesar (name)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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